murdoc
Member
- Joined
- Oct 13, 2014
- Messages
- 32
Hi!
This is my first post, but I have been following this forum for some months now. I came from Germany so English is not my mother tongue.
I just wanted to share my findings about Limonene and its anti-stress properties. I was interested in essential oils due to their antimicrobial components, but according to Ray and other it seems to be that these oils are often estrogenic. I read somewhere that citrus essential oils are the only essential oils that have antiestrogenic properties.
I could not find much evidence for this, but I stumbled across some studies about Limonene which makes up 90% of orange oil and its effect on brain neurotransmitters.
The first study is free available.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jn ... 4_367/_pdf
Sub-Chronic Effects of s-Limonene on Brain Neurotransmitter Levels and Behavior of Rats
Summary: The present study was designed to gain insight into the effects of s-limonene on the brain after 1-wk administration. For this purpose, neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), μ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu) and some of their metabolites (DOPAC and 5-HIAA) were determined by HPLC-ECD and amino acid analyzer after 1-wk administration of s-limonene of different concentrations (0, 5, 25, 50 mg/ kg). Significant changes, such as GABA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-HT, were confirmed. At the same time, basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity after 1-wk administration of s-limonene was evaluated by corticosterone. Considering the increment of GABA and the changes of other neurotransmitters, anti-stress effects after 1- wk administration were observed. The experimental results showed that s-limonene could inhibit HPA activity under physical stress and this anti-stress effect of s-limonene may act through the GABAA receptor.
Results
In conclusion, this study has shown that, after 1-wk administration of s-limonene, GABA contents in the brain increased significantly, while the glutamate concentration decreased significantly. These changes did not affect the basal activity of HPA, but when rats were given an acute stress, foot shock, s-limonene showed a strong ability to attenuate the stress responses. The increased corticosterone contents in serum and 5-HT contents in brains declined. This process may be mediated through the GABAA receptor; however, the reason why GABA content was enhanced after s-limonene administration is still unclear. This will be explored in further studies.
Unfortunatly I have no access to this one:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24462212
Limonene inhibits methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity via regulation of 5-HT neuronal function and dopamine release
Methamphetamine is a psychomotor stimulant that produces hyperlocomotion in rodents. Limonene (a cyclic terpene from citrus essential oils) has been reported to induce sedative effects. In this study, we demonstrated that limonene administration significantly inhibited serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-induced head twitch response in mice. In rats, pretreatment with limonene decreased hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine injection. In addition, limonene reversed the increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats given methamphetamine. These results suggest that limonene may inhibit stimulant-induced behavioral changes via regulating dopamine levels and 5-HT receptor function.
Any thoughts on this? Orange oil could be a cheap supplement and it gives every food a nice fresh orange flavor.
This is my first post, but I have been following this forum for some months now. I came from Germany so English is not my mother tongue.
I just wanted to share my findings about Limonene and its anti-stress properties. I was interested in essential oils due to their antimicrobial components, but according to Ray and other it seems to be that these oils are often estrogenic. I read somewhere that citrus essential oils are the only essential oils that have antiestrogenic properties.
I could not find much evidence for this, but I stumbled across some studies about Limonene which makes up 90% of orange oil and its effect on brain neurotransmitters.
The first study is free available.
https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jn ... 4_367/_pdf
Sub-Chronic Effects of s-Limonene on Brain Neurotransmitter Levels and Behavior of Rats
Summary: The present study was designed to gain insight into the effects of s-limonene on the brain after 1-wk administration. For this purpose, neurotransmitters such as dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), μ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid (Glu) and some of their metabolites (DOPAC and 5-HIAA) were determined by HPLC-ECD and amino acid analyzer after 1-wk administration of s-limonene of different concentrations (0, 5, 25, 50 mg/ kg). Significant changes, such as GABA, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and 5-HT, were confirmed. At the same time, basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity after 1-wk administration of s-limonene was evaluated by corticosterone. Considering the increment of GABA and the changes of other neurotransmitters, anti-stress effects after 1- wk administration were observed. The experimental results showed that s-limonene could inhibit HPA activity under physical stress and this anti-stress effect of s-limonene may act through the GABAA receptor.
Results
In conclusion, this study has shown that, after 1-wk administration of s-limonene, GABA contents in the brain increased significantly, while the glutamate concentration decreased significantly. These changes did not affect the basal activity of HPA, but when rats were given an acute stress, foot shock, s-limonene showed a strong ability to attenuate the stress responses. The increased corticosterone contents in serum and 5-HT contents in brains declined. This process may be mediated through the GABAA receptor; however, the reason why GABA content was enhanced after s-limonene administration is still unclear. This will be explored in further studies.
Unfortunatly I have no access to this one:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24462212
Limonene inhibits methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity via regulation of 5-HT neuronal function and dopamine release
Methamphetamine is a psychomotor stimulant that produces hyperlocomotion in rodents. Limonene (a cyclic terpene from citrus essential oils) has been reported to induce sedative effects. In this study, we demonstrated that limonene administration significantly inhibited serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)-induced head twitch response in mice. In rats, pretreatment with limonene decreased hyperlocomotion induced by methamphetamine injection. In addition, limonene reversed the increase in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens of rats given methamphetamine. These results suggest that limonene may inhibit stimulant-induced behavioral changes via regulating dopamine levels and 5-HT receptor function.
Any thoughts on this? Orange oil could be a cheap supplement and it gives every food a nice fresh orange flavor.