PUFA (linoleic acid) is a true estrogen, similar to estradiol

[aliml]

Induction of alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity in Ishikawa cells indicates an estrogenic response, whereas inhibition represents an anti-estrogenic effect. However, unlike other estrogenic plant extracts such as red clover and hops, which showed AP induction, neither the methanol extract of chaste berry or linoleic acid stimulated or inhibited AP activity.
Isolation of linoleic acid as an estrogenic compound from the fruits of Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste-berry)

Alkaline phosphatase activity in human endometrial cancer cells of the estrogen-responsive Ishikawa line was markedly stimulated (3-20-fold in 4 days) by estrogens, DHT, and DHEA but not by testosterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, glucocorticoids, several peptide hormones, prostaglandins, or growth factors.
Effects of steroid hormones and antisteroids on alkaline phosphatase activity in human endometrial cancer cells (Ishikawa line)

 

[cremes]

@haidut
You made it to /pol/

/pol/ - Politically Incorrect » Thread #445027060

4plebs archives 4chan boards /adv/, /f/, /hr/, /o/, /pol/, [s4s], /sp/, /tg/, /trv/, /tv/ and /x/

archive.4plebs.org

Ugh, what a cesspool. The signal to noise ratio in that thread was practically zero. I'll stick to this forum. :)

 

[haidut]

@haidut
You made it to /pol/

/pol/ - Politically Incorrect » Thread #445027060

4plebs archives 4chan boards /adv/, /f/, /hr/, /o/, /pol/, [s4s], /sp/, /tg/, /trv/, /tv/ and /x/

archive.4plebs.org

Wow, thanks! I did not know 4chan follows RPF. Peatarianism is becoming a thing boys and girls;-)
I know many people here dislike 4chan and /pol/ specifically, but even with all of 4-chan's deficiencies ultimately the message about PUFA gets to more who are active online and that to me is a good thing.

 

[Ras]

Wow, thanks! I did not know 4chan follows RPF. Peatarianism is becoming a thing boys and girls;-)
I know many people here dislike 4chan and /pol/ specifically, but even with all of 4-chan's deficiencies ultimately the message about PUFA gets to more who are active online and that to me is a good thing.

I've seen several anti-PUFA and anti-seed oil posts on /pol/, moreso this year than others. There is consensus across nations that PUFAs and seed oils are harmful and should be avoided.

 

[Peatress]

We need a “just stop oil” campaign for pufas.

 

[GTW]

It's misleading to target all polyunsaturated fatty acids as the same.

 

[Kray]

This is one of those studies that, in my view, largely puts the debate about PUFA to rest. If PUFA, as the study found, is a direct xeno-estrogen at the receptor level, and can cause the same genomic effects as estradiol, then it is a moot point to argue about any "benefits" of that lipid. Why did I say xeno-estrogen? Well, since we cannot endogenously synthesize the "essential" fatty acids such as linoleic acid, this makes PUFA an obligate exogenous estrogen that can only come through the diet, and that is now known as a xeno-estrogen (similar to the ones coming from plastic, pesticides, herbicides, artificial flavors/colors, etc). That means a population-wide avoidance of PUFA intake would dramatically lower the estrogenic load in the population, considering PUFA is consumed at virtually every meal, and in high amounts. Speaking of high amounts, the concentrations at which linoleic acid activated the estrogen receptors in the study are achievable in humans with less than 1g of dietary PUFA daily, which means most people on a Western diet are essentially bathing their entire organism in xeno-estrogens multiple times daily, considering PUFA intakes are in the 10g+ range per meal. The US government already declared estrogen a "known human carcinogen", so the combination of PUFA's now known estrogenicity and estrogen's known carcinogenicity should be enough to convince most people (but probably not doctors) that PUFA is a carcinogen to be avoided at all cost.

Redirecting

"...The methanol extract of chaste-berry bound to both ERα and ERβ with an IC50 value of 46 ± 3 µg/ml and 64 ± 4 µg/ml, respectively. The assay guided isolation resulted in the identification of linoleic acid as the corresponding estrogen receptor ligand. Linoleic acid bound to ERα and ERβ with an IC50 value of 27 ± 2 µM and 30 ± 6 µM, respectively."

"...Upregulation of ERα mRNA expression in T47D:A18 breast cancer cells was found to be constitutive using RT-PCR (data not shown); however, expression of ERβ mRNA was inducible in the presence of estrogen receptor ligands. Both the chaste-berry extract (10 µg/ml) and linoleic acid (3.6 µM) enhanced the expression of ERβ mRNA in T47D:A18 breast cancer cells (Fig. 2). Ishikawa is an ER positive endomentrial adenocarcinoma cell line (Holinka et al. 1986). The mRNA of the progesterone receptor in Ishikawa cells is expressed in higher amounts in the presence of compounds that bind to the estrogen receptor and activate the estrogen response element found upstream from the DNA encoding the PR. PR mRNA from treated Ishikawa endometrial cells was upregulated by chaste berry extract at 10 µg/ml and by linoleic acid at 3.6 µM (Fig. 3). "

"...In conclusion, bioassay-guided fractionation using estrogen receptor binding as a marker led to the isolation and identification of linoleic acid as an estrogenlike compound found in V. agnus-castus berries. Both the chaste-berry methanol extract and linoleic acid showed significant up-regulation of mRNA expression of PR in Ishikawa cells and ERβ in T47D:18A cells."

"...The interaction of linoleic acid with the estrogen receptor did increase the mRNA of estrogen inducible genes in Ishikawa and T47:A18 cells. Previous studies demonstrated the ability of conjugated linoleic acid to bind to PPAR gamma and alter the expression of some genes regulated by an estrogen response element (ERE) (Stoll, 2002). "

Discovery of estrogen receptor α modulators from natural compounds in Si-Wu-Tang series decoctions using estrogen-responsive MCF-7 breast cancer cells - PubMed
"...In other compounds group, all compounds showed strong estrogenic activity (>60% in 20 lg mL1). Linoleic acid (28) with higher estrogenic activity (141.67% in 20 lg mL1) might act as a more potent estrogen agonist. Anisole (29) and aucubin (30) with estrogenic activities (100% in 20 lg mL1) could also be as potent estrogen agonists. Cinnamaldehyde (32) and benzaldehyde (38) possessed biphasic activity, which exhibited high estrogenic activity at low concentration, and the activity was reversed at high concentration. Maybe aldehyde group in the benzene ring was responsible for the biphasic activity."

Haidut, I confess I am scientifically-challenged; does this make a case for not using chaste-berry for its traditionally and historically known uses? Thank you-